Recent Advances in Aqueous Batteries with Nonmetal Cations as Charge Carriers

During the past decades, aqueous rechargeable batteries have been receiving much attention on account of merits cost efficiency, high safety, and environmental benignity. Compared to metal-ions (such as Li+, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Zn2+, Al3+ etc.) charge carriers in ion batteries, nonmetal not only form covalent–ionic bonds framework, but also act reversible redox centers. Moreover, advantages low costs volumetric energy densities. Recently, huge efforts contributed performance improvements cation via a variety methods. Herein, recently reported cathode, anode materials, newly proposed electrochemical reaction mechanisms for are reviewed.